Theoretical Framework of Energy Transition

Energy transition refers to the structural shift from fossil fuel-based energy systems to renewable sources including solar, wind, hydro, and nuclear power. This paradigm gained global momentum following the 2015 Paris Agreement, which legally bound signatories to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, preferably 1.5°C. The transition involves not merely technological substitution but fundamental changes in energy governance, economic planning, and social structures.

Just Transition and International Frameworks

The International Labour Organization (ILO) established the Just Transition Guidelines in 2015, emphasizing that environmental sustainability must not compromise social equity. This framework mandates that workers and communities dependent on carbon-intensive industries receive support through social protection, reskilling initiatives, and employment guarantees. The Glasgow Climate Pact (2021) marked a significant diplomatic moment when India, representing developing nations, successfully negotiated the terminology change from 'phasing out' to 'phasing down' coal, acknowledging differentiated responsibilities.

India's Energy Context and Historical Legacy

India's energy sector has been historically dominated by coal since independence, with systematic nationalization occurring during the 1970s through the Coal Mines (Nationalization) Acts. Currently, coal supports approximately 70% of electricity generation and directly or indirectly employs over 20 million people. India's updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement target 500 GW of non-fossil fuel installed capacity by 2030, reduction of carbon intensity by 45%, and achieving net-zero emissions by 2070. However, the country faces the 'trilemma' of ensuring energy access, maintaining affordability, and pursuing decarbonization simultaneously.

Orderly Exit from Coal: Balancing Energy Security with Climate Commitments

AI Synthesized Notes

AI Synthesized Notes